Abstract
Epoxy/thermoplastic blends have received a high degree of attention owing to the fracture toughness improving without significantly compromising the thermal and mechanical properties. These materials are mostly prepared by mixing thermoplastic with epoxy monomers and curatives, and then undergoing a reaction-induced phase separation mechanism to form the final products. The mixing processes are very critical for forming the blends with the optimal properties and processabilities. A poor mixing can lead to localized property variation and deteriorate the morphological and mechanical properties of the final cured blends. Due to the importance of the mixing process, methods used for fabrication of epoxy/thermoplastic blends are described in detail in this chapter. Some novel techniques suitable for specific epoxy/thermoplastic blends are also discussed.
References
Arias ML, Frontini PM, Williams RJJ (2003) Analysis of the damage zone around the crack tip for two rubber-modified epoxy matrices exhibiting different toughenability. Polymer 44:1537–1546
Bennett GS, Farris RJ, Thompson SA (1991) Amine-terminated poly(aryl ether ketone)-epoxy/amine resin systems as tough high performance materials. Polymer 32:1633–1641
Berg EA et al (1997) Melt-mixing thermoplastic and epoxy resin above Tg or Tm of thermoplastic with curing agent. US 6,197,898
Blanco I, Cicala G, Costa M, Recca AJ (2006) Development of an epoxy system characterized by low water absorption and high thermomechanical performances. Appl Polym Sci 100:4880–4887
Bouquey M, Loux C, Muller R, Bouchet G (2011) Morphological study of two-phase polymer blends during compounding in a novel compounder on the basis of elongational flows. J Appl Polym Sci 119:482–490
Brown SB, Orlando CM (1988) Encyclopedia of polymer science and engineering. Wiley, New York
Bucknall CB, Partridge IK (1983a) Addition of polyethersulfone to epoxy resins. Br Polym J 15:71–75
Bucknall CB, Partridge IK (1983b) Phase separation in epoxy resins containing polyethersulphone. Polymer 24:639–644
Bucknall CB, Gomez CM, Quintard I (1994) Phase separation from solutions of poly (ether sulphone) in epoxy resins. Polymer 35:353–359
Butta E, Levita G, Marchetti A, Lazeri A (1986) Morphology and mechanical properties of amine-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile/epoxy blends. Polym Eng Sci 26:63–73
Cai C, Shi Q, Li L, Zhu L, Yin J (2008) Grafting acrylic acid onto polypropylene by reactive extrusion with pre-irradiated PP as initiator. Radiat Phys Chem 77:370–372
Chandran CS, Muller R, Bouquey M, Serra C, Thomas S (2015) Effect of blend ratio and elongation on the morphology and properties of epoxy resin- poly(trimethylene terephthalate) blends. Polym Eng Sci 55:1679–1688
Chang L, Friedrich K, Ye L, Toro P (2009) Evaluation and visualization of the percolating networks in multi-wall carbon nanotube/epoxy composites. J Mater Sci 44:4003–4012
Cheng X, Wiggins JS (2014) Continuous reactor preparation of thermoplastic modified epoxy-amine prepolymers. Polym Int 63:1777–1784
Choe Y, Kim M, Kim W (2003) In situ detection of the onset of phase separation and gelation in epoxy/anhydride/thermoplastic blends. Macromol Res 11:267–272
Cicala G, Recca G, Ziegmann G, Niemeyer S (2009) Development of thermoplastic interleaf films which build up a controlled morphology for toughening of rtm resins. In: 17th international conference on composite materials, Edinburgh, pp 51–57
Constantin F, Fenouillot F, Guillaume JL, Koeing R, Pascault JP (2003) Blends of a new thermoplastic in a thermoset epoxy matrix. Macromol Symp 198:335–344
Di Liello V, Martuscelli E, Musto P, Ragosta G, Scarinzi GJ (1994) Toughening of highly crosslinked epoxy resins by reactive blending with bisphenol A polycarbonate. II. Yield and fracture behavior. J Appl Polym Sci 32:409–419
Finnigan B, Martin D, Halley P, Truss R, Campbell K (2004) Morphology and properties of thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites incorporating hydrophilic layered silicates. Polymer 45:2249–2260
Girard-Reydet E, Vicard V, Pascault JP, Sautereau HJ (1997) Polyetherimide-modified epoxy networks: influence of cure conditions on morphology and mechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 65:2433–2445
Gojny FH, Wichmann MHG, Köpke U, Fiedler B, Schulte K (2004) Carbon nanotube-reinforced epoxy-composites: enhanced stiffness and fracture toughness at low nanotube content. Compos Sci Technol 64:2363–2371
Hourston DJ, Lane JM (1992) The toughening of epoxy resins with thermoplastics: 1. Trifunctional epoxy resin-polyetherimide blends. Polymer 33:1379–1383
Hourston DJ, Lane JM, Zhang HX (1997) Toughening of epoxy resins with thermoplastics: 3. An investigation into the effects of composition on the properties of epoxy resin blends. Polym Int 42:349–355
Inoue T (1995) Reaction-induced phase decomposition in polymer blends. Prog Polym Sci 20:119–153
Ishii Y, Ryan AJ (2000) Processing of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) with epoxy resin. 1. Reaction-induced phase separation. Macromolecules 33:158–166
Izawa S, Toyama K (1973) Glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic resinous composition. US 3,763,088
Kim HC, Char KH (2000) Effect of phase separation on rheological properties during the isothermal curing of epoxy toughened with thermoplastic polymer. Ind Eng Chem Res 39:955–959
Kim JK, Robertson RE (1992) Toughening of thermoset polymers by rigid crystalline particles. J Mater Sci 27:161–174
Kim BS, Chiba T, Inoue T (1995) Morphology development via reaction-induced phase separation in epoxy/poly(ether sulfone) blends: morphology control using poly(ether sulfone) with functional end-groups. Polymer 1:43–47
Kingsley D, Cheng X, Yang J, Wiggins JS (2012) Continuous polymer reactor design for prepreg epoxy matrix prepolymers. In: International SAMPE technical conference, Charleston
Ma Z, Stanford JL, Dutta BK (2009) Reaction kinetics of epoxy resin modified with reactive and nonreactive thermoplastic copolymers. J Appl Polym Sci 112:2391–2400
May C (1988) Epoxy resins: chemistry and technology. Marcel Dekker, New York
Mimura K, Ito H, Fujioka H (2000) Improvement of thermal and mechanical properties by control of morphologies in PES-modified epoxy resins. Polymer 41:4451–4459
Mimura K, Ito H, Fujioka H (2001) Toughening of epoxy resin modified with in-situ polymerized thermoplastic polymers. Polymer 42:9223–9233
Moad G (1999) The synthesis of polyolefin graft copolymers by reactive extrusion. Prog Polym Sci 24:81–142
Moribe T (2012) Advanced intermeshing mixers for energy saving and reduction of environmental impact. Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Technol Rev 49:38–43
Mustata F, Bicu I (2006) Synthesis, characterization, and properties of multifunctional epoxy maleimide resins. Macromol Mater Eng 29:732–741
Naffakh M, Dumon M, Gerard JF (2006) Study of a reactive epoxy–amine resin enabling in-situ dissolution of thermoplastic films during resin transfer moulding for toughening composites. Compos Sci Technol 66:1376–1384
Oyama HT (2009) Super-tough poly(lactic acid) materials: reactive blending with ethylene copolymer. Polymer 50:747–751
Park SJ, Kim HC (2001) Thermal stability and toughening of epoxy resin with polysulfone resin. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 39:121–128
Rauwendaal C (1981) Analysis and experimental evaluation of twin screw extruders. Polym Eng Sci 21:1092–1100
Rauwendaal C (1998) Polymer mixing, a self-study guide. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich
Repecka LN (1988) Slurry-mixed heat-curable resin systems having superior tack and drape. US 5,747,615
Ricklin S (1983) Solvent cast films. Plast Eng 39:29–33
Salahudeen SA, Elleithy RH, Alothman O, Alzahrani SM (2011) Comparative study of internal batch mixer such as cam, banbury and roller: numerical simulation and experimental verification. Chem Eng Sci 66:2502–2511
Shokoohi S, Arefazer A, Naderi G (2011) Compatibilized polypropylene/ethylene–propylene–diene-monomer/polyamide6 ternary blends: effect of twin screw extruder processing parameters. Mater Des 32:1697–1703
Sultan JN, McGarry FJ (1973) Effect of rubber particle size on deformation mechanisms in glassy epoxy. Polym Eng Sci 13:29–34
Tadmor Z, Gogos CG (2006) Principles of polymer processing. Wiley, New York
Titier C, Pascault JP, Taha M, Rozenberg BJ (1995) Epoxy-amine multimethacrylic prepolymers, kinetic and structural studies. J Polym Sci A 33:175–184
Titier C, Pascault JP, Taha M (1996) Synthesis of epoxy–amine multiacrylic prepolymers by reactive extrusion. J Polym Sci A 59:415–422
Utracki LA, Wilkie C (2002) Polymer blends handbook. Springer, New York
White JL, Bumm SH (2011) Encyclopedia of polymer blends, volume 2, processing. Wiley, New York
Williams RJJ, Rozenberg BA, Pascault JP (1997) Reaction-induced phase separation in modified thermosetting polymers. Adv Polym Sci 128:95–156
Xanthos M (1992) Reactive extrusion: principles and practice. Hanser, Munich
Yu Y, Wang M, Foix D, Li S (2008) Rheological study of epoxy systems blended with poly(ether sulfone) of different molecular weights. Ind Eng Chem Res 47:9361–9369
Zhang J, Guo Q, Fox BL (2009) Study on thermoplastic-modified multifunctional epoxies: influence of heating rate on cure behavior and phase separation. Compos Sci Technol 69:1172–1179
Zhang J, Yang T, Lin T, Wang CH (2012) Phase morphology of nanofibre interlayers: critical factor for toughening carbon/epoxy composites. Compos Sci Technol 72:256–262
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this entry
Cite this entry
Cheng, X., Wiggins, J.S. (2015). Novel Techniques for the Preparation of Different Epoxy/Thermoplastic Blends. In: Parameswaranpillai, J., Hameed, N., Pionteck, J., Woo, E. (eds) Handbook of Epoxy Blends. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18158-5_16-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18158-5_16-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-18158-5
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Chemistry and Mat. ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics